Isenzo sokwakheka kweekhemikhali kwintsimbi

1. Ikhabhoni (C) .Ikhabhoni yeyona nto ibalulekileyo yekhemikhali echaphazela ukuguquka kwentsimbi ebandayo. Okukhona umxholo wekhabhoni uphezulu, amandla entsimbi aphezulu, kunye nokuncipha kokuguquguquka kwentsimbi ebandayo. Kuye kwabonakaliswa ukuba xa kukho ukunyuka kwe-0.1% komxholo wekhabhoni, amandla emveliso ayanda malunga ne-27.4Mpa; amandla okutsalwa ayanda malunga ne-58.8Mpa; kwaye ukwandiswa kwehla malunga ne-4.3%. Ngoko ke umxholo wekhabhoni kwintsimbi unempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kokuguquguquka kwentsimbi ebandayo.

2. IManganese (Mn). IManganese isabela ne-iron oxide ekunyibilikiseni intsimbi, ikakhulu ukuze i-deoxidation yentsimbi. IManganese isabela ne-iron sulfide kwintsimbi, nto leyo enokunciphisa isiphumo esiyingozi sesalfure kwintsimbi. I-manganese sulfide eyenziweyo inokuphucula ukusebenza kokusika kwentsimbi. IManganese inokuphucula amandla okutsalwa kwaye ivelise amandla entsimbi, inciphise i-plasticity ebandayo, nto leyo engathandekiyo kwi-cold plastic deformation yentsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, i-manganese inesiphumo esibi kumandla okuguqulwa kwentsimbi. Isiphumo simalunga ne-1/4 yekhabhoni kuphela. Ke ngoko, ngaphandle kweemfuno ezikhethekileyo, umxholo we-manganese wekhabhoni steel akufuneki udlule kwi-0.9%.

3. I-Silicon (Si). I-Silicon yintsalela ye-deoxidizer ngexesha lokunyibilikisa intsimbi. Xa umxholo we-silicon kwintsimbi unyuka nge-0.1%, amandla okutsalwa ayanda malunga ne-13.7Mpa. Xa umxholo we-silicon udlula i-0.17% kwaye umxholo wekhabhoni uphezulu, inefuthe elikhulu ekunciphiseni i-plasticity ebandayo yentsimbi. Ukunyusa ngokufanelekileyo umxholo we-silicon kwintsimbi kuluncedo kwiimpawu ezipheleleyo zoomatshini zentsimbi, ingakumbi umda we-elastic, kunokunyusa nokumelana kwentsimbi Ukukhukhumala. Nangona kunjalo, xa umxholo we-silicon kwintsimbi udlula i-0.15%, izinto ezingezizo zesinyithi zenziwa ngokukhawuleza. Nokuba intsimbi ye-silicon ephezulu itshixiwe, ayiyi kuthamba kwaye inciphise iimpawu zokuguqulwa kweplastiki ebandayo yentsimbi. Ke ngoko, ukongeza kwiimfuno zokusebenza kwamandla aphezulu zemveliso, umxholo we-silicon kufuneka uncitshiswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

4. I-Sulfur (S). I-Sulfur yinto engcolileyo enobungozi. I-Sulfur ekwintsimbi iya kwahlula amasuntswana e-crystalline esinyithi kwaye ibangele ukuqhekeka. Ukubakho kwe-sulfur kukwabangela ukurhawuzelelwa okushushu kunye nokugqwala kwentsimbi. Ke ngoko, umxholo we-sulfur kufuneka ube ngaphantsi kwe-0.055%. Intsimbi esemgangathweni ophezulu kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-0.04%.

5. I-Phosphorus (P). I-Phosphorus inefuthe eliqinileyo lokuqinisa umsebenzi kunye nokwahlulahlula okukhulu kwintsimbi, nto leyo enyusa ukubanda kwentsimbi kwaye yenze intsimbi ibe sesichengeni sokukhukuliseka kwe-asidi. I-Phosphorus kwintsimbi iya kuphazamisa amandla okuguqulwa kweplastiki ebandayo kwaye ibangele ukuqhekeka kwemveliso ngexesha lokutsalwa. Umxholo we-phosphorus kwintsimbi kufuneka ulawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-0.045%.

6. Ezinye izinto ze-alloy. Ezinye izinto ze-alloy kwi-carbon steel, ezifana neChromium, iMolybdenum kunye neNickel, zikhona njengezingcola, ezingenampembelelo ingako kwi-steel kune-carbon, kwaye umxholo wayo nawo mncinci kakhulu.